QUESTIONS - PREGUNTAS

Uno de los problemas más comunes de todo alumno de inglés, es el de hacer y/o responder preguntas de distinto tipo.
Esperamos que el siguiente artículo, ayude a resolver sus dudas.

1.- YES / NO QUESTIONS

Este tipo de preguntas son las que utilizan verbos auxiliares y verbos modales.

a) Verbos Auxiliares

* Am, Is, Are, Was, Were (verbo TO BE)

Ejemplos :

- Am I right?

Yes, you are / No, you aren't.

- Are you busy?

Yes I am / No, I am not.

NOTA.- En estos dos primeros ejemplos, cambiamos el sujeto pues suena ilógico preguntarse a sí mismo. Aunque gramaticalmente estaría correcto.

- Is she a nurse?

Yes, she is / No, she isn't.


* Do, Does, Did

Ejemplos :

- Do you have a car?

Yes, I do / No, I don't.

- Does he play the guitar?

Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.

- Did you do your homework?

Yes, I did / No, I didn't.


* Have, Has, Had

Ejemplos :

- Have you had breakfast?

Yes, I have / No, I haven't.

- Has it been a good idea?

Yes, it has / No, it hasn't.

- Had you run 10 km?

Yes, I had / No, I hadn't.


* Will

Ejemplo :

- Will she be there on time?

Yes, she will / No, she won't.

NOTA.- WON'T = Will + Not

Para responder a las preguntas de forma más natural, se utiliza la forma corta (Short Answer), según la estructura y verbo auxiliar de la pregunta.
A veces, se suele responder simplemente con "yes" o "no", aunque ello suene algo rudo.


b) Modal Verbs

* Can, Could

- Can you help me?

Yes, I can / No, I can't.

- Could you tell me the time please?

Yes, I could / No, I couldn't.

* May, Might

- May I help you?

Yes, you may / No, you may not.

- Might I borrow your pen?

Yes, you might / No, you might not

* Shall, Should

- Shall we start the meeting?

Yes, we shall / No, we shan't.

NOTA.- SHAN'T = Shall + Not

Should I go to the dentist?

Yes, you should / No, you shouldn't

* Would

- Would you speak slowly, please?

Yes, I would / No, I wouldn't

* Must

- Must I explain it again?

Yes, you must / No, you mustn't.

En este caso, se suele omitir el verbo modal en las respuestas cortas, pero se agregan expresiones adecuadas en cada caso.
Esto se hace para que la comunicación sea fluída.

- Can you help me?

Yes, What can I do for you?

- Could you tell me the time please?

Yes, it's 10:30.


2.- WH-QUESTIONS

En este caso, tenemos que conocer todas las palabras de pregunta. En un artículo anterior,  explicamos como hacerlo.
Además, debemos tener en cuenta el verbo auxiliar o modal, existente en la pregunta.

* What (Qué, Cuál)

- What is your name?

My name is ....

* Where (Dónde)

- Where do you live?

I live in/at .....

* When (Cuándo)

- When is your birthday?

My birthday is in/on .....

* Who (Quién)

- Who is that man?

That man / It is my friend

* Why (Por qué)

- Why are you happy?

Because I won the lottery

* How (Cómo, Cuán)

- How are you?

I'm fine/ok/not bad (etc.). Thank you / Thanks.

* How many (Cuántos) (plural)

- How many students are there in your class?

There are 23 students in my class.

* How much (Cuánto) (singular o incontable)

- How much does it cost?

It costs 12 euros.

* How far (Cuán lejos)

- How far is the city centre?

It is / It's 2 km. far.

* How tall (Cuán alto)

- How tall are you?

I am / I'm 1.67 metres tall.

* How long (Cuánto tiempo)

- How long have you been living here?

I have / I've been living here for 5 years.

NOTA.- También se utiliza para medidas de longitud.

* How often (Cuán frecuente)

- How often do you play football?

I play football once a week.

* Which (Cuál) (para elegir entre dos o más opciones)

- Which car will you buy?

I will / I'll buy the red one.

TRUCO INGLESPEDIA.- Hacer una pequeña lista con preguntas y respuestas muy comunes y fáciles de recordar. Muchas de ellas son las que piden información personal.
Además, debemos saber que el orden de una pregunta con Wh-Question es :

Wh-Question + Verbo Aux. + Sujeto + Verbo Principal.


3.- VERBAL TENSES

Aunque no lo parezca, es muy sencillo si nos fijamos en los movimientos del sujeto y los verbos auxiliares.

a) SIMPLE PRESENT

- John is a doctor

Is john /he a doctor?

Yes, he is / No, he isn't.

- You are in a hurry

Are you in a hurry?

Yes, you are / No, you aren't.

NOTA.- La expresión "to be in a hurry" significa "estar apurad@" o "con prisa".

- Matt goes to school

Does Matt go to school?

Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.

- You live in London

Do you live in London?

Yes, you do / No you don't.

TRUCO INGLESPEDIA.- Como vemos, la clave está en el sujeto y el verbo auxiliar. Pero, además, en este tiempo verbal se suele omitir la "-s", "-es", "-ies" a los verbos conjugados en tercera persona. Para recordarlo con eficacia, nos tenemos que fijar en la conjugación del verbo TO BE en la tercera persona.

He, She, It - is

A partir de aquí, debemos recordar que todos los verbos en 3ra persona y en presente simple, acaban en "-s" como "Is".

b) SIMPLE PAST

* Did

En este caso, debemos tener en cuenta el cambio que sufre el verbo principal del pasado al presente en la pregunta. Esto sucede porque DID ya nos indica que la frase o pregunta está en pasado. La parte fácil, es que utilizamos DID en todos los sujetos.

- I went to the cinema yesterday

Did you go to the cinema yesterday?

Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

Aquí utilizamos el verbo irregular GO. Este tipo de verbos cambia su forma total o parcialmente.
Para formar el pasado de los verbos regulares, tenemos que agregar "-d", "-ed" o "-ied".

- I played football last week.

Did you play football last week?

Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

* Was, Were

Se trata del verbo TO BE en pasado. Lo más fácil, es recordar que WERE trabaja en el pasado con los sujetos que en el presente trabajan con ARE (we, you, they). El resto, trabaja con WAS.

- James was at home last night.

Was James / he at home last night?

Yes, he was / No, he wasn't.

- The children were at the zoo yesterday.

Were the children / they at the zoo yesterday?

Yes, they were / No, they weren't.

c) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Para este tiempo verbal, es esencial saber conjugar el verbo TO BE.

- John is working now.

Is John / he working now?

Yes, he is / No, he isn't.

El movimiento está en el intercambio de posición de sujeto y verbo auxiliar (TO BE).

d) PAST CONTINUOUS

Es igual a la forma presente, salvo que el verbo TO BE se encuentra en pasado, WAS, WERE.

- Jane was dancing all night.

Was Jane / she dancing all night?

Yes, she was / No, she wasn't.

e) PRESENT PERFECT

En este caso, debemos tener en cuenta la conjugación del verbo HAVE. Al actuar como verbo auxiliar, HAVE no significa "tener", sino "haber".

- They have been to London twice.

Have they been to London twice?

Yes, they have / No, they haven't.

- Peter has studied languages since 2010.

Has Peter / he studied languages since 2010?

Yes he has / No, he hasn't.

Recordemos que en el caso de los verbos irregulares, la conjugación pertenece a la fila siguiente al de la conjugación en pasado simple de la tabla de verbos irregulares.
Si el verbo es regular, actúa como en el pasado simple.

f) PAST PERFECT

Es similar al PRESENT PERFECT, salvo que se coloca HAD para todos los sujetos.

- The record store had closed when I arrived.

Had the record store / it closed when you arrived?

Yes, it had / No, it hadn't.

g) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Este tiempo verbal contiene el auxiliar HAVE (conjugado de acuerdo al sujeto) la palabra BEEN (traducido como "sido" o "estado") y el verbo principal en gerundio.

- She has been working all day.

Has she been working all day?

Yes, she has / No, she hasn't.

h) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Igual que el anterior, salvo que utilizamos HAD (pasado) en lugar de HAVE (presente).

- It had been raining.

Had it been raining?

Yes, it had / No, it hadn't.

i) FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL)

En este caso, WILL se conjuga igual para todos los sujetos, y es seguido del verbo principal SIN "to".

- I will go to the football match tomorrow.

Will you go to the football match tomorrow?

Yes, I will / No, I won't.

NOTA.- WON'T = Will + Not

j) FUTURE SIMPLE (GOING TO)

Aquí reemplazamos WILL por GOING TO y colocamos el verbo TO BE delante por estar el auxiliar GO en gerundio.

- I am / I'm going to play tennis next saturday.

Are you going to play tennis next saturday?

Yes, I am / No, I am / I'm not.

k) FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Aquí las piezas fundamentales son WILL BE (No cambia con ningún sujeto)+ el verbo principal en gerundio.

- I will be loving you forever.

Will you be loving me forever?

Yes I will / No, I won't.

l) FUTURE PERFECT

En este tiempo verbal, podríamos traducir WILL HAVE como (p.e.) "habrá", "habré", "habrán", "habremos". El verbo principal es en pretérito.

- Mr. Smith will have retired by the end of this year.

Will Mr. Smith have retired by the end of this year?

Yes, he will / No, he won't.

m) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

En este tiempo verbal, tenemos 3 palabras clave que NO cambian conel sujeto. Ellos son WILL HAVE BEEN.

- Next month, I will have been teaching English for 10 years.

Will you have been teaching English for 10 years?

Yes I will / No, I won't.

TRUCO INGLESPEDIA.- En los tiempos perfectos, la clave está en :

- Present Perfect = HAVE se debe conjugar en presente.

- Present Perfect Continuous = El gerundio se forma de igual forma que en el Present Continuous.

- Past Perfect = Se usa HAD para todos los sujetos.

- Past Perfect Continuous = Igual al presente pero con HAD en lugar de HAVE.

- Future Perfect = WILL no cambia, al igual que en el futuro simple.


4.- ERRORES COMUNES

Algunos de los más típicos son :

a) Verbos Auxiliares.- NO conjugarlo de acuerdo a cada sujeto.

- Is you English? (MAL)

Are you English? (BIEN)

- Do John play the guitar? (MAL)

Does John play the guitar? (BIEN)

- Have she studied last night? (MAL)

Has she studied last night? (BIEN)

b) Modal Verbs.- NO se utilizan correctamente (formal / informal) o se utilizan palabras alternativas.

- Is possible I help you? (MAL)

Can I help you? (BIEN)

- Mr. Brown, can you wait? (MAL) (RUDE)

Mr. Brown, could you wait, please? (BIEN) (POLITE)

- Have I go to the hospital? I'm bleeding. (MAL)

Must I go to the hospital? I'm bleeding. (BIEN)

Otro error es el de utilizar un verbo auxiliar además de un verbo modal.

- Do you can go? (MAL)

Can you go? (BIEN)

NOTA.- Nunca se deben mezclar de forma seguida (posición), verbos auxiliares con modales.

c) Wh-Questions.- En este caso, el principal error radica en confundir unos por otros.

- Which is your name? (MAL)

What is your name? (BIEN)

- When is the meeting next week? (MAL)

Where is the meeting next week? (BIEN) o

When is the meeting? (BIEN)

Otro error es NO conjugar bien el verbo auxiliar.

- What are your name? (MAL)

What is / What's your name? (BIEN)

- Who is you? (MAL)

Who are you? (BIEN)

Por último, otro error típico es NO colocar el verbo auxiliar o cambiarlo de sitio.

- What this is? (MAL)

What is this? (BIEN)

- What you do? (MAL)

What do you do? (BIEN)

d) Verbal Tenses.- Un error común es confundir las estructuras.

- Is Mr. Brown travel? (MAL)

Is Mr. Brown travelling? (BIEN) (Present Continuous)

-Did you went to the cinema yesterday? (MAL)

Did you go to the cinema yesterday? (BIEN)

- Have you studied in London last year? (MAL)

Did you study in London last year? (BIEN) (Simple Past)


5.- CONSEJOS

a) Saber conjugar correctamente los verbos auxiliares. Hacer una pequeña tabla de cada una de ellas, sería lo mejor. Los principales son : TO BE, HAVE y DO - DOES.

b) Conocer bien las WH-QUESTIONS. No sólo es importante para utilizarlos como preguntas, sino también para utilizarlos como RELATIVE PONOUNS.

c) Conocer y ubicar cada palabra por su tipo en lugar de por su traducción o significado por separado. Al hacerlo, nos ahorraremos tiempo y dolores de cabeza, intentando traducir o interpretar una frase.

d) Aprender bien todas y cada una de las estructuras que se nos presenten, de acuerdo a nuestro nivel.

e) Actualmente, NO se utilizan todos los tiempos verbales existentes en inglés. Tampoco en nuestro idioma. Por ello, debemos utilizar sólo lo necesario en cada caso.

INTERMEDIATE TEST

El siguiente es un test para poner a prueba el nivel INTERMEDIO del lector. Para realizarlo, el lector deberá copiar el test y pegarlo en un archivo de WORD o similar.
NOTA.- Si lo desea, puede pedir la solución mediante un comentario o email.

I.- Say which of the following are COUNTABLE or UNCOUNTABLE.

1) Air
2) Book
3) Butter
4) Grass
5) Breath
6) Hair
7) Ink
8) News
9) Glass
10) Onion

II.- Insert the missing POSSESIVES :

1) This doesn't look like ___ book; it must be ___.

2) a.- Tell me, isn't that ___ girlfriend Maisie over there?
     b.-Oh no, she was ___ last week, but ___ dog doesn't like me!

3) I see that he has lost ___ pencil; perhaps you can lend him ___.

4) You can take ___ and give me ___.

III.- Put the given ADVERBS in correct ORDER.

1) She went (to school / at 10 o'clock)

2) He was born (in the year 1923 / at 10 am / on June 14th)

3) They stayed (all day / quietly / there)

4) I like coffee (in the morning / very much)

5) He played (at the Town Hall / last night / beautifully / in the concert)

IV.- Choose the right PRONOUN.

1) a.- Who's there?
     b.- It's only ___(I / me).

2) Let my boyfriend and (I / me) lay a duet.

3) What would you do if you were (he / him).

4) What's the name of (him / he), who came first?

V.- Insert SOME and ANY as required.

1) I want ___ new potatoes; have you ___?

2) I asked him for ___ ink, and he gave me ___:

3) Don't make ___ noise. He wants to get ___ sleep.

4) Have you had ___ tea? I can give you ___.

5) Are there ___ more books?

VI.- PRESENT TENSE

A) Supply the correct PRESENT TENSE.

1) Ships (travel) from Southampton to New York in four or five days.

2) It (be) very cold now.

3) The sun (warm) the air and (give) us light.

4) John (swim) very well, but he (not dive).

5) Wood (float) on water, but iron (not float).

B) Supply the correct PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE.

1) She (do) no homework this month.

2) Our students (progress) very well this term so far.

3) Mary (not buy) a new dress for years.

4) He (wear) a black suit ever since his wife died.

5) Peter (be) in hospital for almost 6 weeks.

C) Put SINCE os FOR.

1) I have been awake ___ three hours. ___ six o'cock.

2) The weather has been very cold ___ Christmas. ___ a month now.

3) We haven't had a swim ___ last summer. ___almost a year.

4) I've been standing here in the rain ___ half an hour. ___ half past four.

5) How long has John been learning English? ___ quite a long time, ___ last summer.

D) Put the verb in brackets in the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

1) Turn the tv off. The children (watch) for too long time.

2) Mary is learning the piano. She (practise) since breakfast time.

3) John needs a holiday. He (work) too hard.

4) We (travel) for three days and we are still only half a way to London.

5) We (spend) far too much money lately.

VII.- PAST TIME

A) Supply the SIMPLE PAST form

1) John (buy) a second-hand car last week. He (pay) 1000 pounds for it.

2) For breakfast, last Tuesday my sister (make) coffee in a new kind of machine. It (taste) horrible and everyone (spit) it out.

3) They (have) more horses than cars when I (be) young.

4) The lesson (begin) at nine o'clock.

B) Complete the PAST CONTINUOUS form of the following.

1) He (sit) in the garden when the house fell down.

2) I (work) all day yesterday.

3) We (live) in France when the war began.

4) The bus started when I (get) on.

5) I took another cake when you (not look).

C) Put the PAST PERFECT.

1) Mary (prepare) our meals on the previous day.

2) We couldn't play football that Saturday as it (rain) all the previous week.

3) He lived quietly on little money he (save) before his retirement.

4) We (finish) our work, so we went home.

D) Supply the PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS form.

1) It (rain) for days on end and everything was soaked.

2) She still couldn't sing although she (take) lessons for years.

3) They (lose) money for quite a long time.

4) We (wait) for more than an hour.

5) They said I (worry) about business too much and needed a rest.

VII.- Put SHALL or WILL.

1) I ___ help you tomorrow.

2) We ___ never leave our friends who need us.

3) They ___ receive the freedom of the city.

4) Mary ___ come to my wedding. I ___ invite her at once.

5) I ___ pay my account at the end of the month.

IX.- Complete the following sentences with DO or MAKE.

1) He ___ a lot of money last year.

2) I always ___ my best.

3) It has nothing to ___ with you.

4) He ___ a lot of business with us.

5) Have you ___ your homework?

X.- INTERROGATIVES

A) Add the queston word.

1) ___ pencil is this? Is it yours?

2) ___ are you doing tonight?

3) ___ is singing in the next room?

4) ___ room is the largest?

5) ___ is wrong?

B) Turn the following statements into questions.

1) My father has taken the newspaper.

2) Montblanc is the biggest mountain in the Alpes.

3) The boy learned many subjects at school.

4) They want to go out.

5) That house is mine.

C) Add the missing word

1) We don't know ___ she has gone.

2) Can you tell me ___ this box is so heavy?

3) I remember ___ you were a little girl.

4) Show me ___ this machine works.

5) Did anyone see ___ way Jane went?

XI.- Add the correct form of THERE IS o IT IS.

1) _____ no one at home when I called for him.

2) _____ no place like home.

3) _____ hard to decide what was the best thing to do.

4) _____ no time for tea if we don't hurry.

5) _____ so much work to get through this morning that I haven't had time  think about the questions.

XII.- Put in suitable PREPOSITIONs.

1) Wait ___ me ___ the bus stop!

2) We had to go ___ the hill ___ a little house ___ the top.

3) Read ___ line 10 ___ line 20 ___ page.

4) Do you want to speak ___ me ___ anything?

5) You can cut the apple ___ two __ this knife.

USO DE LOS VERBOS AUXILIARES Y MODALES

En muchas ocasiones, los AUXILIARY VERBS y MODAL VERBS son utilizados de forma errónea. En este apartado nos ocuparemos de despejar dudas acerca de estos tipos de verbos.

1.-DO, DOES .- Se usan en el SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. DOES, se utiliza
únicamente con la tercera persona del singular.
EJ:

Do you go to the library?

Does Mary play the piano?

Yes, she does.

2.-DID .- Es la forma pasada de DO, DOES. Por tanto se usa en el PAST
SIMPLE TENSE.
EJ:

Did he play the guitar?

Did you go to school yesterday?

3.-BE .- Se utiliza en PASSIVE VOICE.

EJ:

Rice is eaten

Tea is drunk

The door was opened

4.-AM, IS, ARE .- Sus usos se encuentran en el PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE y en PASSIVE VOICE.

EJ:

I am going to leave now

Peter is doing his homework at the moment

They are working now

5.-WAS, WERE .- Se usa en el PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE y en PASSIVE VOICE.

EJ:

I wasn't playing chess last sunday

We were watching tv last night

6.-WERE .- También podemos encontrar WERE en el PRESENT CONDITIONAL

EJ:

If I were you, I could buy a car

7.-HAVE, HAS .- Este verbo se usa en PRESENT PERFECT TENSE y el FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

EJ:

France has been a republic for many years

I shall have finished my work by 9 o'clock

8.-HAD .- Encontramos HAD en el PAST PERFECT TENSE y en el CONDITIONAL

EJ:

We had finished our work, so we went home

If I had saved my money, I would not be poor now

9.-SHALL, WILL .- Ambos son utilizados en el FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

EJ:

I shall be 22 on my next birthday

They will meet Mary and Peter at the dance, if they go

10.-SHOULD, WOULD .- Aunque ambos sean la forma pasada de SHALL y WILL, también se usan en el FUTURE CONDITIONAL

EJ:

If I knew, I would tell you

11.-USED TO .- Su única forma es el pasado. Su significado es "solía". La acción empieza y acaba en la misma frase.

EJ:

John used to live in London

12.-OUGHT TO, SHOULD .- Se usan para dar un aviso, una opinión o una obligación.

EJ:

You're losing weight, you ought to see a doctor

Shoud I stay, or should I go?

13.-MUST, NEED .- Cuando queremos expresar una obligación, utilizamos estos 2 verbos.

EJ:

A person must eat to live

I need some money to buy it

14.-CAN .- Este verbo es utilizado en expresiones que tienen que ver con la habilidad, la oportunidad y el permiso.

EJ:

Can you open the door please?

I can play the piano

While John is in London, he can learn English

15.-MAY .- Se utiliza en casos de permiso y probabilidad.

EJ:

May I ask you a question?

It may rain this afternoon

16.-MIGHT .- Es el pasado de MAY. Pero, se utiliza de igual forma.

EJ:

If you buy a lottery ticket, you might win a large prize

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para indicar una acción iniciada en el pasado, que tiene repercusión en el presente y que continua en el momento en el que se menciona. Aunque no necesariamente finaliza en aquel momento.

La fórmula es la siguiente:

SUJETO + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERBO PRAL. + -ING + COMPL.

Ejemplo :

John has been serving in the Navy, for 25 years.
yon jas bin sérvin in de neíbi for, tuentifáif íers

NOTA : Debemos tener cuidado con las contracciones que encontraremos en este tiempo verbal.

También debemos conocer la conjugación del verbo TO HAVE para poder aplicarlo en el Present Perfect Continuous.

Prestaremos atención sobretodo en la tercera persona del singular. No debemos interpretar "'S" como "IS", sino como "HAS".

Forma Interrogativa.- Se forma de la siguiente manera:

Have you been working last week?
jaf iú bin uérkin las uík

Forma Negativa.- Su forma es la siguiente:

I haven't (have+not) been working last week
ai jávent bin uérkin las uík

NOTA FINAL : Observamos que "Been" nunca cambia ni se elimina. Siempre se ubica antes del verbo principal.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Se utiliza para referirse a una acción que se está realizando en el momento de hablar. La formula es :

SUJETO + VERBO "TO BE" + VERBO PRINCIPAL + ING + COMPLEMENTO

Ejemplos:

a) What are you doing now? ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
Uát ar iu dúing náu?

I'm writing a letter. Estoy escribiendo una carta.
Áim ráiting a léder

b) ALEX is having a bath. ALEX se está duchando.
ALEX is jávin a bád

c) JOHN is working in his office. JOHN está trabajando en su oficina.
Yon is uórkin in jis ófis

REGLAS

A.- En algunos verbos simplemente agregamos -ing. Ejemplos:

WORK - WORKING
READ - READING

B.- Los verbos que acaban en una sola -e, pierden la -e y se agrega -ing. Ejemplos:

HAVE - HAVING
WRITE - WRITING

C.- Los verbos de una sola sílaba acabados en vocal + consonante, duplican la consonante y se añade -ing. Ejemplos:

PUT - PUTTING
STOP - STOPPING

D.- Por último, a los verbos que acaban en una vocal + y/+ w, solo se agrega -ing. Ejemplos:

PLAY - PLAYING
SHOW - SHOWING

GOING TO

El uso de "GOING TO" es la que se refiere a cosas que se preveen en el presente de algo que va a ocurrir o pasar en el futuro.

Ejemplos:

a) Look at those black clouds in the sky. It's going to rain. Mira aquellas nubes negras en el cielo. Va a llover.
lúk at dóus blk kláuds in de escái. íts góin tu réin.

b) Those people are going to get wet. Aquella gente se va a mojar.
Dóus pípol ar goin tu guét uét

También se utiliza GOING TO para hablar de intenciones o planes de futuro.

Ejemplos :

a) JAMES is going to play tennis at the club tomorrow. JAMES jugará tennis en el club mañana
YÉIMS is goin tu pléi ténis at de kláb tumórróu

b) I'm going to buy those shoes this weekend. Me compraré esos zapatos este fin de semana
Áim goin tu bái dóus shús dis uíken

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Antes de empezar con el tema del encabezado, debemos tener en cuenta lo siguiente.

A.- SOME - ANY : Significan : alguno, algunos, alguna, algunas. Se utilizan :

1.- SOME : en frases u oraciones afirmativas.
2.- ANY : en frases u oraciones negativas y en pregunta.

EJEMPLO :
a) Please, go and ask PETER for some paper. I don't have any paper on my desk.
(plis, góu and ask píter for sóm péiper. I dont jaf éni péiper on mai desk)

b) Are there any ink in the office?
(ar der éni ink in di ófis?)

B.- A - AN : Significan : uno, una. Se utilizan :

1.- A : en palabras en singular y que empiecen con consonante.
2.- AN : en palabras en singular y que empiecen con vocal o sonido de vocal.

EJEMPLO :
a) A chair is made of wood.
(a cher is méid of gud)

b) A fish swims in water.
(a fish suíms in wóder)

c) A horse is an animal.
(a jors is an ánimal)

THERE IS - THERE ARE : Ambos significan HAY y se utilizan :

1.- THERE IS : para indicar objetos y animales en singular.
2.- THERE ARE : para indicar objetos y animales en plural.

EJEMPLO :
a) THERE is a car on the corner.
(der is a kar on de córner)

b) THERE are children in the park.
(der ar chíldren in de park)

COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS : Son sustantivos que podemos o no podemos contar.

1.- COUNTABLE : personas, objetos, animales, personas, etc.
2.- UNCOUNTABLE : objetos que sean de masa o liquido o cosas abstractas.

EJEMPLO :
a) A noun is a word.
(a náun is a uórd)

b) We make butter and cheese from milk.
(uí méik báter an chis from mílk)

NOTA : En los objetos NO contables, SI podemos contar el recipiente o la medida(metros, kilos) que representan.

EJEMPLO :
a) A bunch of carrots.
(a bánch of kárrots)

b) A bottle of wine
(a bátel of uáin)

c) Two cups of coffee.
(tu kaps of cófi)

FORMACIÓN DEL PLURAL : Para formar el plural de las palabras en INGLÉS, debemos tener en cuenta las siguientes reglas :

1.- Se agrega una "S" en la mayoria de las palabras.

EJEMPLO: boy - boys, car - cars, boot - boots.

2.- A las palabras que terminan en S, Z, X, CH, SH, se les agrega ES al final.

EJEMPLO : tax - taxes, beach - beaches, wish - wishes

3.- Si una palabra termina en consonante + Y, ésta última cambia a I, + ES.

EJEMPLO : baby - babies, army - armies, buddy - buddies

4.- Para las palabras que acaban en F o en FE, se sustituye el final por VES.

EJEMPLO : knife - knives, half - halves.